diff --git a/src/8_differential_equations_2.md b/src/8_differential_equations_2.md index 7d543f55a2e1578755594ca9817a02aa45221b84..33c482832a7ff25a21af2be83f6bcce8985fa537 100644 --- a/src/8_differential_equations_2.md +++ b/src/8_differential_equations_2.md @@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ to solving these equations, but the choice of technique must be tailored to the equation at hand. Hence we focus on some specific examples that are common in physics. -## Separation of variables ## +### Separation of variables Let us focus on the one dimensional Schrödinger equation of a free particle @@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ To summarize, this process has broken one partial differential equation into two ordinary differential equations of different variables. In order to do this, we needed to introduce a separation constant, which remains to be determined. -### Boundary and eigenvalue problems ### +### Boundary and eigenvalue problems Continuing on with the Schrödinger equation example from the previous section, let us focus on @@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ coefficient, $$c_n:= \int^{L}_{0} dx sin(\frac{n \pi x}{L}) \psi_{0}(x). $$ -## General recipie for seperable PDEs ## +### General recipie for seperable PDEs 1. Make the separation ansatz to obtain separate ordinary differential equations. @@ -518,62 +518,60 @@ possible approach is to try working in a different coordinate system. There are a few more analytic techniques available, however in many situations it becomes necessary to work with numerical methods of solution. -# Problems +### Problems 1. [:grinning:] Which of the following equations for $y(x)$ is linear? - (a) y''' - y'' + x cos(x) y' + y - 1 = 0 + (a) y''' - y'' + x cos(x) y' + y - 1 = 0 - (b) y''' + 4 x y' - cos(x) y = 0 + (b) y''' + 4 x y' - cos(x) y = 0 - (c) y'' + y y' = 0 + (c) y'' + y y' = 0 - (d) y'' + e^x y' - x y = 0 + (d) y'' + e^x y' - x y = 0 2. [:grinning:] Find the general solution to the equation - $$y'' - 4 y' + 4 y = 0. $$ + $$y'' - 4 y' + 4 y = 0. $$ - Show explicitly by computing the Wronski determinant that the - basis for the solution space is actually linearly independent. + Show explicitly by computing the Wronski determinant that the + basis for the solution space is actually linearly independent. 3. [:grinning:] Find the general solution to the equation - $$y''' - y'' + y' - y = 0.$$ + $$y''' - y'' + y' - y = 0.$$ - Then find the solution to the initial conditions $y''(0) =0$, $y'(0)=1$, $y(0)=0$. + Then find the solution to the initial conditions $y''(0) =0$, $y'(0)=1$, $y(0)=0$. 4. [:smirk:] Take the Laplace equation in 2D: - $$\frac{\partial^2 \phi(x,y)}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 \phi(x,y)}{\partial y^2} = 0.$$ + $$\frac{\partial^2 \phi(x,y)}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 \phi(x,y)}{\partial y^2} = 0.$$ - (a) Make a separation ansatz $\phi(x,y) = f(x)g(y)$ and write - down the resulting ordinary differential equations. + (a) Make a separation ansatz $\phi(x,y) = f(x)g(y)$ and write + down the resulting ordinary differential equations. - (b) Now assume that the boundary conditions $\phi(0,y) = \phi(L,y) =0$ for - all y, i.e. f(0)=f(L)=0. Find all solutions $f(x)$ and the corresponding - eigenvalues. + (b) Now assume that the boundary conditions $\phi(0,y) = \phi(L,y) =0$ for + all y, i.e. f(0)=f(L)=0. Find all solutions $f(x)$ and the + corresponding eigenvalues. - (c) Finally, for each eigenvalue, find the general solution $g(y)$ for this - eigenvalue. Combine this with all solutions $f(x)$ to write down the general - solution (we know from the lecture that the operator $\frac{d^2}{dx^2}$ is - hermitian - you can thus directly assume that the solutions form an orthogonal - basis). + (c) Finally, for each eigenvalue, find the general solution $g(y)$ for + this eigenvalue. Combine this with all solutions $f(x)$ to write down + the general solution (we know from the lecture that the operator + $\frac{d^2}{dx^2}$ is Hermitian - you can thus directly assume that + the solutions form an orthogonal basis). 5. [:smirk:] Take the partial differential equation - $$\frac{\partial h(x,y)}{\partial x} + x \frac{\partial h(x,y)}{\partial y} = 0. $$ + $$\frac{\partial h(x,y)}{\partial x} + x \frac{\partial h(x,y)}{\partial y} = 0. $$ - Try to make a separation ansatz $h(x,y)=f(x)g(y)$. What do you observe? + Try to make a separation ansatz $h(x,y)=f(x)g(y)$. What do you observe? -6. [:sweat:] *Bonus question - this kind of question will not be asked in the exam* +6. [:sweat:] We consider the Hilbert space of functions $f(x)$ defined + for $x \ \epsilon \ [0,L]$ with $f(0)=f(L)=0$. - We consider the Hilbert space of functions $f(x)$ defined for $x \ \epsilon \ [0,L]$ - with $f(0)=f(L)=0$. + Which of the following operators on this space is hermitian? - Which of the following operators on this space is hermitian? + (a) Lf = A(x) \frac{d^2 f}{dx^2} - (a) Lf = A(x) \frac{d^2 f}{dx^2} - - (b) Lf = \frac{d}{dx} \big{()} A(x) \frac{df}{dx} \big{)} + (b) Lf = \frac{d}{dx} \big{()} A(x) \frac{df}{dx} \big{)}