From e28efc43108787a51ee11a608c27612a6c365035 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Timo1104 <t.r.vanabswoude@student.tudelft.nl> Date: Sat, 8 Aug 2020 15:37:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Improved equation alignment and fixed typo --- src/1_complex_numbers.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/1_complex_numbers.md b/src/1_complex_numbers.md index ca4285b..803ff34 100644 --- a/src/1_complex_numbers.md +++ b/src/1_complex_numbers.md @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ formulas of cosine and sine. Some useful values of the complex exponential to know by heart are $e^{2{\rm i } \pi} = 1 $, $e^{{\rm i} \pi} = -1 $ and $e^{{\rm i} \pi/2} = {\rm i}$. From the first expression, it also follows that -$$e^{{\rm i} (y + 2\pi n)} = e^{{\rm i}\pi} {rm ~ for ~} n \in \mathbb{Z}$$ +$$e^{{\rm i} (y + 2\pi n)} = e^{{\rm i}\pi} {\rm ~ for ~} n \in \mathbb{Z}$$ As a result, $y$ is only defined up to $2\pi$. Furthermore, we can define the sine and cosine in terms of complex exponentials: @@ -158,17 +158,17 @@ Some operations which are common in real analysis are then easily derived for th $$z^{n} = \left(r e^{{\rm i} \varphi}\right)^{n} = r^{n} e^{{\rm i} n \varphi}$$ $$\sqrt[n]{z} = \sqrt[n]{r e^{{\rm i} \varphi} } = \sqrt[n]{r} e^{{\rm i}\varphi/n} $$ $$\log(z) = log \left(r e^{{\rm i} \varphi}\right) = log(r) + {\rm i} \varphi$$ -$$z_{1}z_{2} = r_{1} e^{{\rm i} \varphi_{1}} r_{2} e^{{\rm i} \varphi_{2}} = r_{1} r_{2} e^{{\rm i} (\varphi_{1} + \varphi_{2}})$$ +$$z_{1}z_{2} = r_{1} e^{{\rm i} \varphi_{1}} r_{2} e^{{\rm i} \varphi_{2}} = r_{1} r_{2} e^{{\rm i} (\varphi_{1} + \varphi_{2})}$$ We see that during multiplication, the norm of the new number is the *product* of the norms of the multiplied numbers, and its argument is the *sum* of the arguments of the multiplied numbers. In the complex plane, this looks as follows:  **Example** Find all solutions solving $z^4 = 1$. Of course, we know that $z = \pm 1$ are two solutions, but which other solutions are possible? We take a systematic approach: -$$ z = e^{{\rm i} \varphi} \Rightarrow z^4 = e^{4{\rm i} \varphi} = 1 $$ -$$\Leftrightarrow 4 \varphi = n 2 \pi$$ -$$\Leftrightarrow \varphi = 0, \varphi = \frac{\pi}{2}, \varphi = -\frac{\pi}{2}, \varphi = \pi$$ -$$\Leftrightarrow z = 1, z = i, z = -i, z = -1$$ +$$\begin{align} z = e^{{\rm i} \varphi} & \Rightarrow z^4 = e^{4{\rm i} \varphi} = 1 \\ +& \Leftrightarrow 4 \varphi = n 2 \pi \\ +& \Leftrightarrow \varphi = 0, \varphi = \frac{\pi}{2}, \varphi = -\frac{\pi}{2}, \varphi = \pi \\ +& \Leftrightarrow z = 1, z = i, z = -i, z = -1 \end{align}$$ ### Differentiation and integration We only consider differentiation and integration over *real* variables. We can then regard the complex ${\rm i}$ as another constant, and use our usual differentiation and integration rules: -- GitLab