diff --git a/src/3_drude_model.md b/src/3_drude_model.md index 91ea35c164209c6c39b402b821cd49dd4022e57b..ac49dbb66f0c5b5858d144bc55bad758753d6ddd 100644 --- a/src/3_drude_model.md +++ b/src/3_drude_model.md @@ -135,20 +135,22 @@ Our goal is then to compute the *average* velocity. happens with each individual element.** Let us compute how the average velocity changes with time. -The equation with the Lorentz force we just average right away: +Consider the effect that scattering has over a small time $dt$. +A fraction $dt/τ$ of the electrons scatters, and that their average velocity becomes zero. +The rest of the electrons $(1 - dt/τ)$ are accelerated by the Lorentz force, and after $dt$ their velocity becomes $$ -m\frac{d⟨\mathbf{v}⟩}{dt} = -e\left(\mathbf{E}+⟨\mathbf{v}⟩×\mathbf{B}\right). +m\mathbf{v}(t + dt) - m\mathbf{v}(t) = - e (\mathbf{E} + \mathbf{v} × \mathbf{B})⋅dt. $$ -Almost there, but we still need to do something with the change of the average velocity due to scattering. -Consider the effect that scattering has over a small time $dt$. -Most electrons continue with the same velocity, however a fraction $dt/τ$ will scatter, and that their average velocity becomes zero. -Therefore we get +Averaging the velocity of the two groups of particles, we get $$ -⟨\mathbf{v}(t+dt)⟩ = ⟨\mathbf{v}(t)⟩(1 - dt/τ) + 0⋅(dt/τ) ⇒ \frac{d⟨\mathbf{v}⟩}{dt} = -\frac{⟨\mathbf{v}⟩}{τ}. +\begin{align} +m⟨\mathbf{v}(t+dt)⟩ &= [m⟨\mathbf{v}(t)⟩ - e (\mathbf{E} + \mathbf{v} × \mathbf{B})dt]\left(1 - \frac{dt}{\tau}\right) + 0⋅\frac{dt}{\tau}\\ + &= m⟨\mathbf{v}(t)⟩ - dt [e (\mathbf{E} + \mathbf{v} × \mathbf{B}) - m⟨\mathbf{v}(t)⟩/τ] \\ + &\quad\quad\quad\quad + e (\mathbf{E} + \mathbf{v} × \mathbf{B}) m⟨\mathbf{v}(t)⟩dt²/τ. +\end{align} $$ - -That's it! -We now combine both contributions into a single equation and get +We now neglect the term proportional to $dt²$ (it vanishes when $dt → ∞$). +Finally, we recognize that $(⟨\mathbf{v}(t+dt)⟩ - (⟨\mathbf{v}(t)⟩)/dt = d⟨\mathbf{v}(t)⟩)/dt$, and arrive to $$ m\frac{d⟨\mathbf{v}⟩}{dt} = -m\frac{⟨\mathbf{v}⟩}{τ} -e\left(\mathbf{E}+⟨\mathbf{v}⟩×\mathbf{B}\right). $$