diff --git a/docs/lecture_8.md b/docs/lecture_8.md index 663ce3617a4762da7bdf3a12c913b0c0a06f24c3..894df24b84e0620b222d5f4a28cc10600eb11864 100644 --- a/docs/lecture_8.md +++ b/docs/lecture_8.md @@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ $$ Depending on the sign, you can get different forms of magnetism: -$\chi>0\rightarrow$ _paramagnetism_: the material tends to magnetise along the local field. +$\chi>0\Rightarrow$ _paramagnetism_: the material tends to magnetise along the local field. -$\chi<0\rightarrow$ _diamagnetism_: the material tends to magnetise opposite to the local field. +$\chi<0\Rightarrow$ _diamagnetism_: the material tends to magnetise opposite to the local field. Further on, we will discuss two forms of spontaneous magnetisation: _ferromagnetism_ and _anti-ferromagnetism_. Unlike the ones mentioned above, these forms persist even in the absense of a magnetic field. @@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ Examples: - Fe = [Ar]4s$^2$3d$^6$ -$S=2$, $L=2$, $J=4$ $\rightarrow$ $^{2S+1}L_J =\ ^5{\rm D}_4$ +$S=2$, $L=2$, $J=4$ $\Rightarrow$ $^{2S+1}L_J =\ ^5{\rm D}_4$ - V = [Ar]4s$^2$3d$^3$ -$S=\frac{3}{2}$, $L=3$, $J=\frac{3}{2}$ $\rightarrow$ $^{2S+1}L_J =\ ^4{\rm F}_{3/2}$ +$S=\frac{3}{2}$, $L=3$, $J=\frac{3}{2}$ $\Rightarrow$ $^{2S+1}L_J =\ ^4{\rm F}_{3/2}$  @@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ $$ ### Atoms in solids Until now we have considered magnetic atoms in free space. When embedded inside a solid, many things change. Below, we will discuss two effects: -- Interaction of magnetic atoms with other magnetic atoms $\rightarrow$ _Heisenberg model_ -- Interaction of spins with non-magnetic atoms $\rightarrow$ _Crystal field_ +- Interaction of magnetic atoms with other magnetic atoms $\Rightarrow$ _Heisenberg model_ +- Interaction of spins with non-magnetic atoms $\Rightarrow$ _Crystal field_ ### Heisenberg model Consider a one-dimensional chain of spins $\frac{1}{2}$ that are nearest-neighbor coupled with equal coupling strength $J$: @@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ $$ \psi({\bf r}_1,{\bf r}_2,{\bf s}_1,{\bf s}_2)=-\psi({\bf r}_2,{\bf r}_1,{\bf s}_2,{\bf s}_1) $$ -Coulomb interaction favors symmetric spatial wavefunction, resulting in a preferred antisymmetric spin wavefunction $\rightarrow J>0$. +Coulomb interaction favors symmetric spatial wavefunction, resulting in a preferred antisymmetric spin wavefunction $\Rightarrow J>0$. -- _Superexchange interaction_ – When magnetic atoms are connected via one non-magnetic mutual neighbor, simultaneous exchange of electrons with the neighbor can favor anti-alignment $\rightarrow J<0$. +- _Superexchange interaction_ – When magnetic atoms are connected via one non-magnetic mutual neighbor, simultaneous exchange of electrons with the neighbor can favor anti-alignment $\Rightarrow J<0$.  @@ -175,7 +175,9 @@ Coulomb interaction favors symmetric spatial wavefunction, resulting in a prefer  ### Crystal field -For a free atom, the orbitals are spherically symmetric (_spherical harmonics_). Inside a crystal, it can happen that, due to the Coulomb interaction with neighboring non-magnetic atoms, the degeneracy between orbitals is broken. As a result, electrons can no longer complete a full circular orbit around an atom, causing the orbital angular momentum to be _quenched_: ${\bf L}\rightarrow 0$. + +For a free atom, the orbitals are spherically symmetric (_spherical harmonics_). Inside a crystal, it can happen that, due to the Coulomb interaction with neighboring non-magnetic atoms, the degeneracy between orbitals is broken. +As a result, electrons can no longer complete a full circular orbit around an atom, causing the orbital angular momentum to be _quenched_: ${\bf L}\Rightarrow 0$. 