add 'save' and 'load' to the learners and periodic saving to the Runner

tl;dr, this MR introduces:

• learner.save, learner.load that saves/loads only the data
• learner.copy_from(other_learner)
• runner.start_periodic_saving(save_kwargs, interval)

This adds saving and loading methods to the learner.

Now each learner has a save and load method that can be used to save and load only the data of a learner.

There are two ways of naming the files:

1. Using the fname argument in learner.save(fname=...)
2. Setting the fname attribute, like learner.fname = 'data/example.p and then learner.save()

The second way must be used when saving the learners of a BalancingLearner.

By default the resulting pickle files are compressed, to turn this off use learner.save(fname=..., compress=False)

learner = Learner2D(...)
learner.save(fname='filename.p')

learner = Learner2D(...)
learner.load(fname='filename.p')

in a BalancingLearner one can for example

def combo_fname(val):
    return '__'.join([f'{k}_{v}' for k, v in val.items()])

combos = adaptive.utils.named_product(a=[1, 2], b=[1])
learners = []
for combo in combos:
    l = Learner(partial(f, combo=combo))
    l.fname = combo_fname(combo)
    learners.append(l)
learner = BalancingLearner(learners)
learner.load(folder='data_folder')

then the next time when you add more parameters to combos, the data will be loaded for the learners that have the data saved.

This also adds leaner.copy_from(learner2) to get a new learner with the same data where one (for example) uses different bounds or loss_per_interval.

Finally, it adds periodic saving while running with the Runner.

I've tested this over the last year in adaptive_tools and seems to work nicely for me.

Still need to

• test with BalancingLearner
• test with DataSaver
• add doc-strings
• add examples to the notebook

adaptive/learner/average_learner.py

 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-import itertools
 from math import sqrt
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from ..notebook_integration import ensure_holoviews
 from .base_learner import BaseLearner
+from ..notebook_integration import ensure_holoviews
+from ..utils import cache_latest
 
 
 class AverageLearner(BaseLearner):
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ class AverageLearner(BaseLearner):
     Parameters
     ----------
     atol : float
-        Desired absolute tolerance
+        Desired absolute tolerance.
     rtol : float
-        Desired relative tolerance
+        Desired relative tolerance.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
@@ -88,8 +88,13 @@ class AverageLearner(BaseLearner):
         n = self.npoints
         if n < 2:
             return np.inf
-        return sqrt((self.sum_f_sq - n * self.mean**2) / (n - 1))
+        numerator = self.sum_f_sq - n * self.mean**2
+        if numerator < 0:
+            # in this case the numerator ~ -1e-15
+            return 0
+        return sqrt(numerator / (n - 1))
 
+    @cache_latest
     def loss(self, real=True, *, n=None):
         if n is None:
             n = self.npoints if real else self.n_requested