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Commit 2d30c1f3 authored by Anton Akhmerov's avatar Anton Akhmerov
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use collapsed questions, provide a couple of answers

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...@@ -64,7 +64,9 @@ $$H\begin{pmatrix}\alpha \\ \beta \end{pmatrix} = ...@@ -64,7 +64,9 @@ $$H\begin{pmatrix}\alpha \\ \beta \end{pmatrix} =
$$ $$
Here we used $\delta p = \hbar \delta k$, and we expanded the quadratic function into a linear plus a small correction. Here we used $\delta p = \hbar \delta k$, and we expanded the quadratic function into a linear plus a small correction.
**Question: can you calculate $E_0$ and the velocity $v$?**
??? question "calculate $E_0$ and the velocity $v$"
The edge of the Brilloin zone has $k = \pi/a$. Substituting this in the free electron dispersion $E = \hbar^2 k^2/2m$ we get $E_0 = \hbar^2 \pi^2/2 m a^2$, and $v=\hbar p/m=\hbar \pi/ma$.
Without $V(x)$ the two wave functions $\psi_+$ and $\psi_-$ are independent since they have a different momentum. When $V(x)$ is present, it may couple these two states. Without $V(x)$ the two wave functions $\psi_+$ and $\psi_-$ are independent since they have a different momentum. When $V(x)$ is present, it may couple these two states.
...@@ -78,7 +80,10 @@ $$ ...@@ -78,7 +80,10 @@ $$
Here the coupling strength $W = \langle \psi_+ | V(x) | \psi_- \rangle$ is the matrix element of the potential between two states. *(This where we need to apply the perturbation theory, and this is very similar to the LCAO Hamiltonian)*. Here the coupling strength $W = \langle \psi_+ | V(x) | \psi_- \rangle$ is the matrix element of the potential between two states. *(This where we need to apply the perturbation theory, and this is very similar to the LCAO Hamiltonian)*.
**Question: how does our solution satisfy the Bloch theorem? What is $u(x)$ in this case?** ??? question "how does our solution satisfy the Bloch theorem? What is $u(x)$ in this case?"
The wave function has a form $\psi(x) = \alpha \exp[ikx] + \beta \exp[i(k - 2\pi/a)x]$
(here $k = \pi/a + \delta k$). Choosing $u(x) = \alpha + \beta \exp(2\pi i x/a)$ we see
that $\psi(x) = u(x) \exp(ikx)$.
#### Dispersion relation near the avoided level crossing #### Dispersion relation near the avoided level crossing
......
...@@ -231,9 +231,8 @@ $$E_F = E_G - kT\log[N_C/(N_D-N_A)], \textrm{ for } N_D > N_A$$ ...@@ -231,9 +231,8 @@ $$E_F = E_G - kT\log[N_C/(N_D-N_A)], \textrm{ for } N_D > N_A$$
and and
$$E_F = kT\log[N_V/(N_A-N_D)], \textrm{ for } N_A > N_D$$ $$E_F = kT\log[N_V/(N_A-N_D)], \textrm{ for } N_A > N_D$$
**Question:** When is a semiconductor intrinsic, and when it is extrinsic? ??? question "When is a semiconductor intrinsic, and when it is extrinsic?"
By definition the semiconductor is intrinsic when $|N_D-N_A| \ll n_i$, so $kT \gtrsim E_G/\log[N_C N_V/(N_D-N_A)^2]$.
**Answer:** The semiconductor is intrinsic when $|N_D-N_A| \ll n_i$, so $kT \gtrsim E_G/\log[N_C N_V/(N_D-N_A)^2]$.
## Temperature dependence of the carrier density and Fermi level ## Temperature dependence of the carrier density and Fermi level
...@@ -247,7 +246,8 @@ Several noteworthy features: ...@@ -247,7 +246,8 @@ Several noteworthy features:
* Once the temperature is sufficiently low, we expect the electrons to "freeze away" from the conduction band to the donor band, so that the donor band starts playing a role of the new valence band at $kT \ll E_G - E_D$. * Once the temperature is sufficiently low, we expect the electrons to "freeze away" from the conduction band to the donor band, so that the donor band starts playing a role of the new valence band at $kT \ll E_G - E_D$.
* At zero temperature $E_F$ should match the donor band since it has partially occupied states. If there are no acceptors, $E_F$ would be halfway between $E_D$ and $E_G$, and if there was no doping at all it would be at $E_G/2$. * At zero temperature $E_F$ should match the donor band since it has partially occupied states. If there are no acceptors, $E_F$ would be halfway between $E_D$ and $E_G$, and if there was no doping at all it would be at $E_G/2$.
**Exercise:** check that you can reproduce all the relevant limits in a calculation. !!! check "Exercise"
check that you can reproduce all the relevant limits in a calculation.
## Measuring band gaps ## Measuring band gaps
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