1. Atoms in materials move in a collective fashion, forming sound waves with dispersion relation $ω = v|\mathbf{k}|$.
2. The normal modes have a constant density of $(L/2π)^3$ in the reciprocal space.
3. The total energy and the total heat capacity are given by integrating a contribution of individual modes over the $k$-space.
4. The density of states $g(ω)$ counts the number of modes per unit frequency, and it is proportional to $ω^2$ for phonons in 3D.
3. The total energy and heat capacity are given by integrating the contribution of the individual modes over $k$-space.
4. The density of states $g(ω)$ counts the number of modes per unit frequency. $g(ω)$ is proportional to $ω^2$ for bosons in 3D with a dispersion relation $ω = v|\mathbf{k}|$.
5. At low temperatures the phonon heat capacity is $∼T^3$.