## Temperature dependence of the carrier density and Fermi level
It is instructive to consider how $E_F$, $n_e$ and $n_h$ depend on carrier concentrations.
In this case, we consider an $n-doped$ semiconductor, however, the same logic applies to $p-doped$ semiconductors.
In this case, we consider an n-doped semiconductor, however, the same logic applies to p-doped semiconductors.

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@@ -176,7 +185,7 @@ There are several relevant temperature limits:
***Intrinsic limit** . If the temperature is sufficiently large, then $n_i \gg |N_D-N_A|$ and therefore $n_e = n_h = n_i$. Additionally, if holes are heavier than electrons, then $E_F$ has an upturn in this limit.
***Extrinsic limit**. If we decrease the temperature, we decrease the number of intrinsic carriers to the point where most of the charge carriers come form the fully ionized donors. As a result, the number of carriers stays approximately constant in this temperature range.
***Freeze-out limit**. Once the temperature is sufficiently low $kT \ll E_G - E_D$, we expect the electrons to "freeze away" from the conduction band to the donor band. The charge carriers still come from the donors, however, not all donors are ionized now.
* Zero temperature. There are no charge carriers in neither conduction nor valance bands. The highest energy electrons are in the donor band and therefore $E_F$ should match the donor band.
***Zero temperature**. There are no charge carriers in neither conduction nor valance bands. The highest energy electrons are in the donor band and therefore $E_F$ should match the donor band.
!!! check "Exercise"
check that you can reproduce all the relevant limits in a calculation.