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207 207 #### Example 3: phonons in 3D at low temperatures.
208 208
209 209 $g(E) \propto E^2$ ⇒ total energy is $T \times T^3$ ⇒ $C_V \propto T^3$.
210
211 ## Exercises
212 #### Exercise 1: potassium
213 The Sommerfeld model provides a good description of free electrons in alkali metals such as potassium, which has a Fermi energy of 2.12 eV (data from Ashcroft, N. W. and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Saunders, 1976.).
  • 84 84 where $R_{\rm H}=-\frac{1}{ne}$ is the _Hall resistance_. So by measuring the Hall resistance, we can obtain $n$, the density of free electrons in a material.
    85 85
    86 86 While most materials have $R_{\rm H}>0$, interestingly some materials are found to have $R_{\rm H}<0$. This would imply that the charge carriers either have a positive charge, or a negative mass. We will see later (chapter 17) how to interpret this.
    87
    88 ## Exercises
    89
    90 ### Motion of free electron due to electric field
    91 (a) Consider N free electrons in copper. Explain their motion under no electric field and while applying electric field in the direction from left to right side of the conductor.
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