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Commit 6413c295 authored by Joseph Weston's avatar Joseph Weston
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whitespace fix

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...@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The eigenstates satisfy :math:`a^\dagger a | n \rangle = n | n \rangle` with the ...@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The eigenstates satisfy :math:`a^\dagger a | n \rangle = n | n \rangle` with the
Landau level index :math:`n \geq 0`, and in coordinate representation are proportional to Landau level index :math:`n \geq 0`, and in coordinate representation are proportional to
.. math:: .. math::
\psi_n (x, y) = \left( \frac{\partial}{ \partial w} - \frac{w^*}{4 l_B^2} \right) \psi_n (x, y) = \left( \frac{\partial}{ \partial w} - \frac{w^*}{4 l_B^2} \right)
w^n e^{-|w|^2/4l_B^2}, w^n e^{-|w|^2/4l_B^2},
...@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ with :math:`w = x + i y`. The matrix elements of the ladder operators are ...@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ with :math:`w = x + i y`. The matrix elements of the ladder operators are
\langle n | a | m \rangle = \sqrt{m}~\delta_{n, m-1}, \quad \quad \langle n | a | m \rangle = \sqrt{m}~\delta_{n, m-1}, \quad \quad
\langle n | a^\dagger | m \rangle = \sqrt{m + 1}~\delta_{n, m+1}. \langle n | a^\dagger | m \rangle = \sqrt{m + 1}~\delta_{n, m+1}.
Truncating the basis to the first :math:`N` Landau levels allows us to approximate Truncating the basis to the first :math:`N` Landau levels allows us to approximate
the Hamiltonian as a discrete, finite matrix. the Hamiltonian as a discrete, finite matrix.
...@@ -56,16 +56,16 @@ We can now formulate the algorithm that Kwant uses to compute Landau levels. ...@@ -56,16 +56,16 @@ We can now formulate the algorithm that Kwant uses to compute Landau levels.
1. We take a generic continuum Hamiltonian, written in terms of the kinetic 1. We take a generic continuum Hamiltonian, written in terms of the kinetic
momentum :math:`\vec{k}`. The Hamiltonian must be translationally momentum :math:`\vec{k}`. The Hamiltonian must be translationally
invariant along the directions perpendicular to the field direction. invariant along the directions perpendicular to the field direction.
2. We substitute the momenta perpendicular to the magnetic field with the ladder 2. We substitute the momenta perpendicular to the magnetic field with the ladder
operators :math:`a` and :math:`a^\dagger`. operators :math:`a` and :math:`a^\dagger`.
3. We construct a `kwant.builder.Builder` using a special lattice which includes 3. We construct a `kwant.builder.Builder` using a special lattice which includes
the Landau level index :math:`n` as a degree of freedom on each site. The directions the Landau level index :math:`n` as a degree of freedom on each site. The directions
normal to the field direction are not included in the builder, because they are normal to the field direction are not included in the builder, because they are
encoded in the Landau level index. encoded in the Landau level index.
This procedure is automated with `kwant.continuum.discretize_landau`. This procedure is automated with `kwant.continuum.discretize_landau`.
As an example, let us take the Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang model that we first considered in the As an example, let us take the Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang model that we first considered in the
discretizer tutorial ":ref:`discretize-bhz-model`": discretizer tutorial ":ref:`discretize-bhz-model`":
...@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ with the Landau levels shown as dashed lines. ...@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ with the Landau levels shown as dashed lines.
h = landau_syst.hamiltonian_submatrix(params=params) h = landau_syst.hamiltonian_submatrix(params=params)
for ev in scipy.linalg.eigvals(h): for ev in scipy.linalg.eigvals(h):
ax.axhline(ev, linestyle='--') ax.axhline(ev, linestyle='--')
The dispersion and the Landau levels diverge with increasing energy, because the real space The dispersion and the Landau levels diverge with increasing energy, because the real space
discretization of the ribbon gives a worse approximation to the dispersion at higher energies. discretization of the ribbon gives a worse approximation to the dispersion at higher energies.
...@@ -229,4 +229,4 @@ to construct our heterostructure: ...@@ -229,4 +229,4 @@ to construct our heterostructure:
.. rubric:: Footnotes .. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#] `Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_quantization>`_ has .. [#] `Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_quantization>`_ has
a nice introduction to Landau quantization. a nice introduction to Landau quantization.
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