1st major update to lecture note 4

src/4_vector_spaces_QM.md

@@ -98,30 +98,23 @@ The inner product in quantum mechanics is the analog of the usual scalar product
 !!! tip "Meaning of the inner product in quantum mechanics"
      1.   The value of the inner product $\langle{\psi}|{\phi}\rangle$ indicates the **probability amplitude** (not the probability) of measuring a system, which characterised by the state $|{\phi}\rangle$, to be in the state $|{\psi}\rangle$. 
      2.   This inner product can also be understood as measuring the **overlap** between the state vectors $|{\psi}\rangle$ and $|{\phi}\rangle$. 
-     3.   Then the  **probability of observing the system to be in the state $|\psi\rangle$** given that it is in the state $|\phi\rangle$ will be given by $$|\langle \psi | \phi \rangle|^2$$. Since the latter quantity is a probability, we know that it should satisfy the condition that 
+     3.   Then the  **probability of observing the system to be in the state $|\psi\rangle$** given that it is in the state $|\phi\rangle$ will be given by $$|\langle \psi | \phi \rangle|^2 \, .$$ Since the latter quantity is a probability, we know that it should satisfy the condition that 
      $$0 \le |\langle \psi | \phi \rangle|^2 \le 1 \, .$$
 
 ### Properties of the inner product
 
 The inner product (probability amplitude) $\langle \psi | \phi \rangle$ exhibits the following properties:
       
-!!! info 
-     1. Complex conjugate:
-          $$\langle \psi | \phi \rangle=\langle \phi | \psi \rangle^*$$
-     2. Distributivity and associativity:
-          $$\langle \psi |\{c_1 |\phi_1\rangle+c_2 |\phi_2 \rangle\}=c_1\langle \psi | \phi_1\rangle+c_2\langle \psi | \phi_2\rangle$$
-     3. Positivity:
-          $$\langle \psi | \psi \rangle\geq0 \, .$$ 
+!!! info "Properties of the inner product"
+     1. **Complex conjugate:** $\langle \psi | \phi \rangle=\langle \phi | \psi \rangle^*$
+     2. **Distributivity and associativity:** $\langle \psi |\{c_1 |\phi_1\rangle+c_2 |\phi_2 \rangle\}=c_1\langle \psi | \phi_1\rangle+c_2\langle \psi | \phi_2\rangle$
+     3. **Positivity:** $\langle \psi | \psi \rangle\geq0 \, .$
           If $\langle \psi | \psi \rangle = 0$ then, this implies that the state vector $|\psi\rangle=0$ is the null element of the Hilbert space.
-     4. Orthogonality:
-          Two states $|\psi \rangle$ and $|\phi \rangle$ are said to be *orthogonal* if 
-     $$\langle \psi | \phi\rangle=0 \, .$$
+     4. **Orthogonality:** Two states $|\psi \rangle$ and $|\phi \rangle$ are said to be *orthogonal* if $\langle \psi | \phi\rangle=0 \, .$
           By analogy with regular vector spaces, we can think of these two state vectors $|\psi \rangle$ and $|\phi \rangle$ as being *perpendicular* to each other. Note that for a quantum system occupying a certain state, there is a vanishing probability of it being observed in a state orthogonal to it.
-     5. Norm:
-          The quantity $\sqrt{\langle \psi | \psi \rangle}$ is known as the  *length* or the *norm* of the state vector $|\psi\rangle$. 
+     5. **Norm:** The quantity $\sqrt{\langle \psi | \psi \rangle}$ is known as the  *length* or the *norm* of the state vector $|\psi\rangle$. 
           You can see from the properties of complex algebra that this length must be a real number. A physically valid state $|\psi \rangle$ must be normalized to unity, that is $\langle \psi | \psi \rangle=1$. Note that a state that cannot be normalized to unity does not represent a physically acceptable state.
-       
-A set of orthonormal basis vectors $\{|\psi_i\rangle\text{;}\; i=1,2,3,...,n\}$ will have the property $\langle \psi_i |\psi_j \rangle=\delta_{ij}$ where $\delta_{ij}$ is a mathematical symbol known as the *Kronecker delta*, which equals unity if $i=j$ and zero if $i\neq j$.
+     6. **Orthonormality:** A set of orthonormal basis vectors $\{|\psi_i\rangle\text{;}\; i=1,2,3,...,n\}$ will have the property $\langle \psi_i |\psi_j \rangle=\delta_{ij}$ where $\delta_{ij}$ is a mathematical symbol known as the *Kronecker delta*, which equals unity if $i=j$ and zero if $i\neq j$.
    
 From all the above conditions we see that a Hilbert space is a so-called *complex inner product space*, which is nothing but a complex vector space equipped with a inner product. All the vectors belonging to a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ have a finite norm, that is they can be normalized to unity. This normalisation condition is essential is we are to apply the probabilistic interpretation of the state vectors described above.